War free essay sample

# 8211 ; Persian Gulf # 8211 ; Iraq Essay, Research Paper WHY WAR WAS UNAVOIDABLE IN THE PERSIAN GULF AND WHY IT WAS INEVITABLE THAT IRAQ WOULD LOSE War was inescapable in the Gulf and it was a war in which Iraq was unavoidable to lose. There were a few grounds why this was and turned into a world. How, when, where did this system of sense of self pulverization get down? It was fairly clear that Saddam Hussein, the leader of Iraq, was going a military mammoth in the Middle East and subsequently a hazard to the stableness of the full part. His war with Iran was apt proof of this. The U.S. also, other industrialized Western states could non put at risk the loss of oil from the nation. Kuwait is the second biggest start of unrefined petroleum in the Middle East thus the Iraqi attack of Kuwait sent the universe oil advertise into a rage. We will compose a custom article test on War or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Iraqi powers so assembled their powers on the limit line with Saudi Arabia, the second biggest supplier of oil known to mankind. This in twist brought the military may of the United States into the battle. There are a few grounds why Saddam Hussein attacked Kuwait. After the eight twelvemonth war with Iran over regional contrasts and otherworldly rivalries between the Persian Shiites and Iraqi Sunni intrigues, Iraq had a solid obligation to numerous Arab states including Kuwait. The swayers of these states needed a portion of their cash back yet Iraq thought they were difficult wretchs and were unpleasant for supporting the Arab amir from the Persian Islamic fundamentalism. The Arab amirs were anxious about the possibility that that the Islamic fundamentalists would lift against the specialists lastly assume control over the specialists as they had Iran against the Shah. Kuwait was other than terrified of this thus they upheld the Iraqi Arabs against the Persian Persians. The finance ss that the Gulf states loaned to Iraq were utilized to buy cutting edge arms. These cutting edge arms made Iraq one of the biggest ground forcess known to mankind and a power to hypothesize with. Unexpectedly a great part of the cash and arms originated from the states that unified to fight against him. The Gulf states bankrolled him while the Western states, who had numerous barrier contractual workers going out of concern in light of the terminal of the Cold War, provided him with the arms to battle Iran and in this manner Kuwait and the Coalition. With a major ground powers like his, it would be extremely simple to show signs of improvement of the far littler Kuwaiti ground powers contrasted with his. Oil had made Kuwait one of the most extravagant and most dynamic states known to mankind. This desert land is one of the universe # 8217 ; s taking producers holding more than one-tenth of the universe # 8217 ; s known raw petroleum civilian armies. This is all in 20,150 square kil ometers, a little littler than the area of New Jersey. Kuwait is one of the universe # 8217 ; s wealthiest states in footings of national salary per person. It has free essential and optional guidance free wellbeing and cultural administrations and no pay income upgrade. There was a lot to secure. The entirety of this was appealing and irritating to Saddam who might and utilized a small amount of his ground powers to pounce upon and involve Kuwait in which it simply took the Iraqi ground powers 6 hours to make the capital city. After the intrusion they had around 19 % of the universe # 8217 ; s known oil state armies. Truly Iraq had guaranteed that it reserved an option to Kuwait. Saddam was rapacious that Kuwait was in charge of the two islands required for a profound H2O shipping port: the Bubiyan and Warbah islands. These islands alongside certain pieces of Kuwait were a bit of old Mesopotamia which the Ottoman Turks won. The Ottoman Empire was vanquished during World War I and t he British made their ain lines in the sand, spliting up the land fitting to their ain vital requests and in the methodology wildly spliting up old networks and limits that had been perceived for decennaries. The majority of Mesopotamia became Iraq and some different parts to Kuwait. In 1961, Kuwait got free and the Iraqis took steps to involve with the exception of that British military work forces kept the harmony. This was to be the first of numerous limit line brushs which included Iraqi rockets terminated at Kuwaiti oil installings and the reflagging of Kuwaiti oil oilers during the Iran-Iraq War in which U.S. ships watched the Persian Gulf and Kuwaiti oilers were reflagged with U.S. banners. The Iraki specialists had other than blamed the Kuwaitis for taking 2.5 billion barrels of oil from its Rumaila oil Fieldss by skiding drills into Iraqi oil grapevines. They had other than blamed Kuwait for rising above OPEC oil creation, which had dropped the money related estimation of o il from $ 20 a barrel to $ 13 a barrel in the initial a half year of 1990. This implied one billion dollars less for Iraq everytime that money related estimation of an oil barrel went somewhere around a dollar. Saddam said he would end them from go oning forceful activity. Iraq? s outside clergyman Tariq Aziz consequently said in a letter to the Arab gathering that Kuwait is # 8220 ; reliably, purposefully and constantly # 8221 ; hurting Iraq by encroaching on its locale, taking oil, and destructing its monetary framework. ? Such conduct aggregates to military hostility # 8221 ; . These were only signs of the Desert Storm to come. By and by, Saddam Hussein wanted to make a trip to war against the Western states. He grew up as a youthful male kid disdaining the British for imprisoning his uncle that had thought about him. In this manner, he joined the Baath Party which depended on a foundation of Arab uprightness and as a part was sent to look to kill General Abdul Karim Qasim who they accepted to be extremely cordial with the Western states. By making a trip to war, he would have liked to facilitate Arab respectability against the Western states, similar to an Islamic sanctum war against the # 8220 ; rapscallions # 8221 ; . He other than accepted that it was his destiny to bring through the forecast of administering an Arab state streching from Euphrates to the Suez. The Western and Gulf states joined to sort out a union to battle against Iraq that followed the Uni ted States assertion that Iraq must draw out of Kuwait on January 15, 1991. They had a few justification for wanting Iraq out of Kuwait. The two boss grounds are the immense entireties of oil in the part which history for 53 % of the world’s known unrefined petroleum civilian armies and the stableness of the states that have the oil. The two greatest producers in the part are Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. The Saudis were anxious about the possibility that that Iraq would involve Saudi Arabia simply like Kuwait. The United States relies upon Middle East unrefined petroleum for around 25 % of its vitality requests and other Western states significantly more. Different beginnings of intensity are overall too much costly to be functional or are still being worked on. So any break of oil from this part would genuinely affect the monetary frameworks of the Western states, simply as they were taking into a downturn, which would non be great for the pioneers of these states at the voting s tation. Anyway making a trip to war or even its existent chance would give an enormous transient support to the financial frameworks of these states by expanding the money related an incentive for a barrel of oil which would let oil organizations to do greater overall gains and there would be increasingly geographic undertaking in North America to recognize fresh starts of oil. This would help climb the financial exchanges by expanding positive movement in the exchanging of segments. Other than by venturing out to war, it would make occupations in numerous segments of the financial framework from the barrier temporary workers to the administration businesses down the line. The main ground that the Coalition was shaped was to ensure the â€Å"vital interests† in the much of the time temperamental Middle East. The Middle East has been the start of a significant number of the world’s wars after, in some cases going to purpose of voyaging nuclear. The Arab life partners jo ined the Coalition so what had befallen Kuwait wouldn? t transpire. The United States and the other Western life partners needed to ensure a consistent gracefully of modest oil and the attack of Kuwait had risen the financial estimation of oil alongside making insecurity in the Middle East. The best way to remake request to the part and make some stableness was to pressure Iraq out of Kuwait and severely debilitate its specialists and military, which the Allies were fruitful in making. Another ground that has been recommended is that Iraq was allowed to involve Kuwait only to give the U.S. a plausible excuse to attack the Iraqis with the goal that they would never again be a threat to different states in the part. This would other than do the Arab states dependant on the Americans for their safeguard with the goal that they would non look to attempt unfriendly activities in footings of expanding the expense of the oil to them or limiting the creation of raw petroleum as had been exh ibited by the OPEC states in the seventiess. President Bush other than had individual grounds with regards to why he needed Iraq to go forward Kuwait. As the most youthful soldier pilot in the Navy during World War II, he flew in numerous missions before being destroyed. These missions assisted with deciding his convictions that the U.S. ought to resemble a planetary cop. He felt Saddam Hussein must be halted only as Hitler should hold been halted from intruding on the states of the agreements the Germans marked stoping World War I. Another ground he believed he needed to make military move was that there were American guarantees held by the Iraqis after the intrusion of Kuwait for a couple of months. Iraq would lose in the war with the Coalition in light of the fact that their powers were non each piece great prepared as the Coalition powers, their arms were mechanically second rate, they had no air support and the Coaliti

What Love & Logic Means to Effective Parenting Essay Example for Free

What Love Logic Means to Effective Parenting Essay What guardians need is to treasure their children, play around with them, and appreciate a less unpleasant family life. There will never be a deficiency of guidance from companions, family and even good natured outsiders while turning into a parent. Nothing can ever really get ready guardians for the genuine encounter of bringing up kids. We as a whole need to be extraordinary guardians and we as a whole need to make the best decision, however notwithstanding adjusting all the exhortation we’re given against our own childhood and impulses, we despite everything battle. As guardians we set the principles and anticipate that our youngsters should obey them†¦. At the end of the day: What I state goes-or there will be consequences. Past ages took a significantly more corrective and dread based way to deal with child rearing, which takes care of the deception that our folks and grandparents didn’t need to do a lot to procure regard; it was essentially a programmed reaction by their kids. In all actuality quite a bit of that order was established in beating or dread â€inducing encounters that caused their youngsters to seem to have regard and did in fact sway their conduct. Love and Logic Parenting offers a full of feeling and valuable approach to child rearing without turning to beating, punishing or hitting our kids. It is not, at this point thought about sound or socially adequate to paddle youngsters in school, smack kids in the face or hit them with a belt when they accomplish something incorrectly. Indeed, those activities are presently normally considered youngster misuse. Regard these days should be earned through proper order methods not dread. By setting clear standards and desires, clarifying the outcomes of their activities, and finishing and upholding those results decently and reliably. Demonstrating, indicating a genuine model, has been demonstrated to influence youngsters emphatically in each everyday issue: scholastic accomplishment, work, wellbein g propensities, friend and sentimental connections, adapting, just as correspondence and compromise. Furthermore, similarly as demonstrating great conduct is significant, it’s additionally significant for a parent to concede when they have committed an error, especially with regards to their children. On the off chance that they see a grown-up own up to having accomplished something incorrectly, they, as well, will figure out how to assume liability when they accomplish something incorrectly. It might be attractive of guardians to spend time with their youngsters or adolescents and be more similar to companions than parent/kid. Being a child’s companion can’t be a need, our main responsibility is to be a decent parent! This doesn’t imply that guardians can’t appreciate exercises and great occasions with their kids, however it means that rules should be made, limits set, and outcomes implemented. Now and again, guardians may not be the most famous individual in the house! Some of the time, what’s directly for your kid and additionally family isn’t what your kid needs. With regards to a parent/kid relationship, there is a programmed chain of importance: the parent is in control. In a genuine companionship, the two gatherings in a perfect world get equivalent state. However, parent‘s aren’t precisely a companion. Guardians are guides, pioneer, educators and disciplinarians†¦ and when the work is done, and afterward they can spend time with their youngsters. All guardians need a nearby, decent connection with their youngsters and to appreciate time with them. As parent’s we get the chance to state when, how and what occurs. There may come a point, if guardians have been managing their child’s difficult issues for a delayed timeframe, at which they essentially surrender trust that things can improve. In the event that guardians are adapting to significant issues like substance misuse, psychological sickness, dietary problems, truancy, animosity or even disobedience, guardians may feel like everything without exception in their capacity to change the circumstance has been attempted. At no time in history have guardians been uncertain of their parental job, even the best aren’t secure with whether they are util izing the best procedures. Society has changed; accordingly the offspring of this age contrasted with the offspring of past ages have changed. As the years progressed, child rearing styles have changed notwithstanding, one fresher child rearing project, child rearing with Love Logic offers parent’s basic and down to earth strategies that aren’t as handily found with other child rearing projects, for example, Total Transformation or The Incredible Years Parenting Program. Child rearing with Love Logic enables guardians and instructors to have a fabulous time and less pressure while bringing up kids. Most guardians don't see how the procedures our folks and grandparents utilized so successfully just don’t appear to work with kids today. A great deal of guardians today are thinking about how to manage their children and baffled that the old methods just don’t appear to take care of business any longer. Many clashing ways of thinking and books have been composed and huge numbers of them sound great, however they haven’t appeared to have the option to carry out the responsibility of helping you ngsters become conscious, mindful and a delight to be near. Albeit, numerous thoughts are offered with the best intensions, they focus on ensuring our children are agreeable and liking themselves so as to have self-idea. In any case, through Love Logic guardians have found that self - certainty is accomplished through battle and accomplishment, not through somebody telling children that they are number one. Bringing up youngsters, who are fearless, propelled, and prepared for this present reality, can be a success win way to deal with child rearing. Youngsters will win since they will have figured out how to tackle issues while picking up the certainty they have to address life’s difficulties. Guardians will win by building up solid control without falling back on outrage, dangers, annoying or debilitating force battles. Love Logic instructs guardians to â€Å"lock in â€Å"empathy, love, and comprehension before mentioning to kids what the results of their activities are. It instructs guardians to consider their children responsible for their errors. At the point when a youngster is arguing or shouting at you, rather than hollering back or coordinate brains with the kid take a stab at something new and unforeseen, don’t squander vitality essentially have a go at letting them know â€Å"I love you an excessive amount to contend, or â€Å"I will converse with you when you when you can talk in a typical tone of voice;† and see what occurs. This will shock the youngster when they aren’t aggravating you. Kids should be allowed the chance to settle on decisions regardless of whether the decisions they make are not in every case right ones, it is a decision that they made, in this way, they need to confront the results and be considered responsible. Give decisions by keeping away from power battles, letting the kid decide, and assist them with gaining from their mix-ups. This improves parent/kid connections and manufactures the child’s self - certainty. Love Logic offers guardians the aptitudes required to f eel progressively loose, cheerful and positive with their youngsters. Guardians will find that child rearing doesn’t must be as hard as it is by all accounts and guardians can show moral duty and regard without losing their child’s love. As parent’s, numerous just have a couple of years left to set up our kids for a world that requires obligation and development for continuance. Numerous guardians are persistently astonished how Love Logic changes lives and how the standards work with youngsters, yet additionally guardians and grown-ups. It has changed over numerous people’s child rearing methods of reasoning. With Parenting with Love Logic guardians have a spot in managing their kids to sound and effective lives. Guardians are required to be specialists, however child rearing is a learning procedure, particularly fitting and viable child rearing. There is a route through parent preparing that has been demonstrated to be viable at lessening kid conduct issues including disobedience. Parent projects may appear presence of mind however numerous requirements to learn methods and execute them reliably. The directions given are significant in deciding consistence; the manner by which an order is given can re gularly enormously impact the child’s comprehension of the order. Guardians regularly provide orders that are not explicit or clear enough to be genuinely comprehended by the youngster and guardians frequently don't give kids adequate time to act as per demands. Methods that work with Love Logic are coercive proclamations, decisions, sympathy, at that point outcomes, diffusing contentions and managing kids to tackle their own issues. Enforceable explanations are no dangers, outrage, disappointment and no alerts. Child rearing projects are offered to help guardians in helping bring up our youngsters viably. Love Logic basically educates character. The equation is the kid commits an error, and the grown-up reacts with sympathy rather than outrage, the youngster gains from the results of their activities. The guidelines of Love Logic are grown-ups set firm cutoff points in adoring manners, without outrage, talk or dangers. At the point when a kid causes an issue, the grown-up hands it in an adoring and reliable manner. There are three unique styles of child rearing. Helicopter child rearing, where the parent drifts over kids and attempt to spare them from the antagonistic world in which we live. Military authoritarian child rearing, where the parent orders and coordinates the lives of the youngsters. The Consultant Parent gives the direction and specialist administrations for their kids. The helicopter parent never permits their youngsters to endure the regular outcomes of their missteps and decisions, continually rescuing them. This sort of parent requires or anticipates nothing from their youngster and doesn't ingrain responsibility in their kid. The recruit instructor parent requests that things be done now and advises the youngster how to think, feel and handle all obligations. The expert parent utilizes Love Logic procedures, they invigorate messages of individual worth and, give and help investig ate choices and afterward permits the youngster to make hello there

Philosophical Essay Topics For College - How to Choose Them

Philosophical Essay Topics For College - How to Choose ThemPhilosophical essay topics for college courses can be anything from 'Creative Evolution' to 'The Medicalization of Morality.' While the topics are diverse, and the style of writing a philosophical essay is never the same, there are some basic rules that must be followed.For example, if you are planning on writing an essay on religion, you want to have the proper tone and level of introspection to convey the appropriate tone of the piece. On the other hand, if you are writing an essay on philosophy, be sure to avoid any questions that require logic or reasoning.As with most things in life, the best way to avoid the temptation to use logic to express your argument is to be as simple as possible when writing your essay. If you do not have time to write an entire essay, you might consider posting the raw essay or portion of it for critique.Another thing to consider when you are writing a philosophical essay is to include a quote from a famous thinker that gives a hint of how the philosopher thinks. This could be taken from a famous philosopher's work, or it could be taken from a recent news article about some controversial issue.Unfortunately, when you begin considering the philosophical essay topics for college, there are so many choices. However, if you want to write a broad range of topics, try to think about what it is that you will be writing about. If you are trying to teach one class, you may find yourself discussing the merits of corporate social responsibility.Philosophical essay topics for college can range from science to history to economics. You do not have to write about each subject, but it is a good idea to start with a general topic that you will return to again. If you want to discuss philosophy of art, consider the historical connections between paintings and their artists, and see if the differences between the philosophies of thepast and the present can be articulated.One type of philos ophical essay that will be very popular in the coming years is what is known as the 'Argumentative Philosophy.' This type of essay is designed to provide students with a foundation in philosophy, allowing them to choose between an Aristotelian-Thomistic worldview and a Kantian-Humean world view. It also allows students to learn how to defend their own position, which will make them much more successful in the real world.Philosophy is a vital part of life and can have a profound effect on how you conduct yourself, so writing philosophical essay topics for college will be beneficial for a lifetime. If you want to write well, it is important to be as original as possible.

The Conflict Between Medical Potential And Ethical Objections

Stem Cell Research: A Conflict Between Medical Potential and Ethical Objections In 2011, 23 year old Katie Sharify was involved in an automobile accident that damaged her spine, leaving her paralyzed from the chest down. Katie’s medical team proposed an experimental approach to her therapy using stem cell research, in which stem cells taken from a 5 day old embryo could be converted into cells used for communication between the brain and body. Seeing the glimmer of hope, Katie accepted. However, the funding was cut shortly after her treatment, and all of the hope she had been clinging to was seemingly lost. Three years and a 14.3 million dollar grant later, however, the research she had participated in was deemed safe and enabled to†¦show more content†¦Research regarding each type of stem cell gives way to a moral conflict for many people. In particular, there is much controversy surrounding the advancements and use of the human embryonic stem cells. This is in large part due to the way they are harvested, as extraction cannot be done by doctors and researchers without killing the embryo. There is also a perceived idea that researchers are playing god. In regard to this moral dilemma, Caulfield and Zarzeczny state While the majority of these technologies do not involve human embryos and may have distinct scientific purposes and advantages, they are nonetheless commonly linked with hESC research in the prevalent discourse. In other words, despite the fact that stem cell research only involves a small percentage of hESC in the grand scheme and also offers many advantages, people tend to be focused on the morality involving the use of hESC, possibly blinding them to all of the potential positive advantages of the other forms of stem cell research. One might consider the question If the use of hESC s causes such a hindrance on this developing technology, why not omit research on these particular stem cells and move forward with ones which don t require the destruction of an embryo?. Although this may seem like the obvious answer, the

Value of a Human Life - 1400 Words

Value of a Human Life What is an individual worth in currency? From birth an individual is worth something. Individuals tend to value life with emotion and ethics. Money is not usually placed into the equation of valuing human lives when one thinks about it. Society however, is all about money. People are life and it costs to live. There is always a need for money in life and society acknowledges that. Death is the absence of life, so what is the end value of an individual when life is over? This value has nothing to do with the kind of person the individual was. There are several ways society places a monetary value on an individual in life and death. Humans have a craving to be known and valued in life and after death. Ebert starts†¦show more content†¦Ebert eventually embraced the changes that had to be made in life to live. Individuals cling to normal situations to be able to live. When an unexpected change happens, panic can set in. People see value in happiness and when things start to cha nge it can affect how happiness is obtained. Humans like to be comfortable and to exist in a constant contentment. The view on worth of an Individual is not the same when looking through the logic side of society and how value is placed. Society has no need for emotion. To run an economy and keep it successful money needs to be circulated. There is a price on everything including people. Sometimes people do not understand the process of placing monetary value on things, especially when it comes to other people. Even when one dies, there are systems that give ones family money for the loss of a loved one. Pain and suffering is a system that pretty much gives free money to families that have a family member die in a traumatizing way. Mostly there is certain information that goes into evaluating how much money would be given. There are a couple of examples of how money is placed on humans. As a baby an individual costs money to be taken care of. A babyShow MoreRelatedThe Value of Hum an Life1514 Words   |  7 PagesThe Value of Human Life: A Comparison amp; Contrast on Various Models Employed Faculty of Economics Outline There is increasing debate on the question in what value should be placed upon human life. Numerous agencies and policy makers have taken great interest in tackling the issue of human life valuation. Although there is increasing controversies that surround producing estimates for valuing a human life, it is imperative to understand the importance of reaching an economic valueRead MoreThe Value Of Human Life907 Words   |  4 PagesValue of human life Everyone thinks human life is valuable. Some of those against capital punishment believe that human life is so valuable that even the worst murderers should not be deprived of the value of their lives. 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They would look toRead MoreWe live in a society where a life of another human being is losing value by the minute, murder is900 Words   |  4 PagesWe live in a society where a life of another human being is losing value by the minute, murder is almost more common than marriage, and monsters no longer lurk under our beds but inside us. Even sadder, this is acceptable; this is our normal. When we are children, we have an indescribable innocence; we are invincible. As we grow up, life happens, and we go through hardships that break us. Stephen King says it best with the words â€Å"sometimes inhuman places create human monsters† (Stephen King, The

The Social Problem Of Child Abuse - 2093 Words

The social problem that I researched was child abuse. The term child abuse is defined as Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or An act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm†(Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2013). Every state is responsible for providing its own definition of child abuse and neglect within the minimum standards set by CAPTA. â€Å"Most Federal and State child protection laws primarily refer to cases of harm to a child caused by parents or other caregivers; they generally do not include harm caused by other people, such as acquaintances or strangers. Some State laws also include a child’s witnessing of domestic violence as a form of abuse or neglect† (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2013). Child abuse exists in many forms. Many states recognize the four major types of abuse: physical abuse, sex ual abuse, psychological/emotional abuse, and neglect. When most people think of child abuse, they usually think of physical abuse or sexual abuse. These two types are the most common and the easiest to detect due the physical signs. Physical abuse can range anywhere from minor bruises to death. Physical discipline, such as spanking or paddling, is not considered abuse as long as it is reasonable and causes no bodily injury to the child. Sexual abuse includes sexual activities done to a child or by a child toShow MoreRelatedThe Social Problem Of Child Abuse Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pagesare a variety of social issues that shape and make the world the way it is today. These social problems can either affect the economy, humans, and neighborhood communities ranging from local or national. One social problem that has increased among humans today is child abuse. Child abuse is the physical mistreatment of a child by a parent or caregiver who is held responsible for a child at their time of care. It can be physical, sexual, or psychological. These forms of abuse can happen in manyRead MoreChild Abuse Is A Social Problem977 Words   |  4 PagesWhen a child is abused or neglected, it not only affects them when they are children, but also affects them when they become functioning adults in society. A sociological social psychology perspective that can be applied to explain why child abuse happens which is the social structure and personality perspective. This perspective can also find a way to solve child abuse in the home. Child abuse is a social problem that has been happening for plenty of decades in our society and with the social structureRead MoreChild Abuse Is A Social Problem Essay2160 Words   |  9 Pages Child abuse is a social problem that continuously produces a wave of concern. The State of New Jersey Department of Children and Families explains that â€Å"Abuse is the physical, sexual or emotional harm or risk of harm to another child un der the age of 18 caused by a parent or other person who acts as a caregiver for the child† (2016). The harsh reality of child abuse and its consequences is recognized throughout this essay. The cost of child abuse can be understood through direct andRead MoreChild Abuse- Social Problems Essays870 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Problems Child Abuse Child abuse is the physical, sexual, emotional mistreatment, or neglect of children. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or also known as CDC defines child abuse as any act or series of acts by a parent or other caregiver that could result in harm to a child. Most child abuse occurs in a childs home, but it could also be found within organizations, schools, or communities that the child interacts with. 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The Danger of Being a Follower free essay sample

Follower When I was Just eleven years old, my life was changed by something that seemed very innocent, a clique. In Patricia and Peter Alders Peer Power they explain what a clique Is, the different types, how they operate, and Influence people. In Peer Power, there Is a chapter called Clique Dynamics and School Children, and It explains the many different areas how a clique can be psychologically damaging to a person. My own story is extremely similar to the examples used in explaining subjugation in Adler and Idlers Clique Dynamics and School Children.When I entered middle school in Boise, Idaho I was so nervous. I met a lot of people, but one of them stood out to me, Tannins. She quickly became my best friend. We had the same style, and same taste in music. Both of us came from bad homes, so that was something to bond over too. Her situation was a lot worse than mine because both of her parents had been in and out of prison since she was three. Her grandma was well off, so things were not too bad. We became each others support system, and we were partners In crime. The whole school year was filled with many sleepovers and vacations.We would share clothes, go shopping, get our hall done together, and go see movies. Our days were also filled with trips to the spa, running around neighborhoods, and going to parties. We were best friends. The year came to a close and the seventh grade was quickly approaching. Her grandma had won a lot of money gambling, and so she offered to take Tannins and I on a cruise. My mom was very excited for me, but when my dad heard, he was less than thrilled about it, so I wasnt able to go. Tannins and I were both very upset that I couldnt go on the cruise with her, but we made the best of the summer we had left together.When Tannins got back from the cruise, school had been in session for two weeks. I was so excited to see her, so I ran up to her and gave her a hug. She then looked at me with disgust and told me that she had new and better friends so she did not want me to talk to her again. She also said that she could not explain anything else because If they saw her with me, they would kick her out of the group. I had no Idea what I did wrong, but I was very upset. I tried to talk to her later In the day, but her new friends kept making fun of me. They would call me names and go out of their way to harass me in he hallways and at lunch.They would call me a loser and accuse me of stalking Tannins. The dynamic of picking on others outside of the group is similar to what Adler and Adler define as subjugation. In Alders Peer Power, they explain the different tactics of out-group subjugation. They like to pick on people of lower status, it tends to excite them (Adler and Adler 179). Adler and Adler explain, One of the main things is to keep picking on unpopular kids because its fun to dc (Quoted in Adler and Adler 180). The worst part was that Tannins went along with all of it. I was o upset that my once best friend thought that I was annoying.The bullying got a lot worse, and so did my home life. I would come home from school every day, and beg my mom to let me move to my dads house In La Grandee, Oregon. She was not very willing to let me move to a different state. Tannings new friends decided that they would play a prank on me, so they asked Tannins who I had a crush on. She play a trick on me. The group had him ask me out as a Joke, then break up with me and call me names. So he did. My experience is very similar to an observation in Adler and Idlers Peer Power. There were children quoted in Peer Power that showed the same behavior that Tannings friends did. We knew what bugged them, so we could use it against them. And we Just did it to pester me, aggravate me, make us feel better about ourselves (Adler and Adler, 183). Tannings new friends were making my life miserable. I had never been a part of the popular clique, but they were still bullying me and targeting me to make me miserable. I quickly became more depressed. Everyday they would tell me that I was worthless and that I should kill myself. They would call me fat, ugly, and a ghost because of how pale I was. I started acting out more at home.I would steal prescription pain meds from my friends moms, steal money, and go tanning often. I started wearing a lot more make-up, and I was drinking alcohol every night. By age twelve, I became an addict and developed an eating disorder. I began cutting not far into the year. My friends were very concerned about me during the whole process. I refused to tell anyone about the bullying because I didnt want to make it worse. I was afraid that they would resort to violence, very similar to Adler and Idlers study. Adler and Adler interviewed a young person hat explained how they bullied others, and they used similar tactics to my bullies. They know if they tell on you, then youll beat them up, and so they wont tell on you, they Just kind of take it in, walk away (Adler and Adler, 181). Yet everyday, a different member of the popular crowd would slip notes into my locker saying things like muff should Just kill yourself because you are a worthless piece of sit, Die you dumb count, and No one really loves you anyway, the world would be a better place without you in it. After months of all of the notes and public humiliation, I started to believe very one of the degrading comments, and I tried to take my own life.I was, obviously, unsuccessful in this horrific act. I came back to school after a couple weeks and, of course, everyone had heard what I tried to do. The day I came back was when the harassment stopped, at least from the popular clique. But the rumors were worse than ever that day from everyone but my biggest enemies and everyone wanted to talk to meeven Tannins. She came up to me after school. I had to stay late to get the extra homework I had missed, so she waited. I was getting books out of my locker and she came to my side. I remember I was looking at the floor, and the first thing I saw was her shoes.I had given them to her. The last thing I wanted to do was look up at her, but I did anyway. To my surprise, her eyes were filled with tears, and it looked as though she had been crying the whole day. She started hysterically sobbing in her hands while she stood there for a couple minutes. I hated the monster she had become, but I took her in my arms and let her cry on me. Tannins calmed down after I gave her a little time to cry. She told me how sorry she was for everything and how much she hated herself for becoming a part of their group and being so mean.I Just stood there, unsure of what to say. She continued saying that one of the popular girls, Kelsey, was on the same cruise she was, and Kelsey had convinced her to Join the popular group. Tannins said that Kelsey was so nice at first, and very sweet. But things changed over the month-long cruise, and the leader of the popular had become anything but sweet. Tannins could not escape. She too, was a victim of their talk to Cheyenne again; because if you do we wont talk to you anymore. and muff should feel lucky that we accepted someone so ugly and poor into our friend group.Tannins felt obligated to go along with everything because the popular were the only friends she had. As soon as she started being mean to me, all of our other friends started rejecting her. The other followers in the popular group felt bad for her, she had gotten herself into a difficult spot but there was nothing they could do. In Adler and Alders study, clique members had similar feelings about other clique members, as they felt for Tannins. Clique members thus went along with picking on their friends, even though they knew it hurt, because they were afraid (CTD. N Adler ND Adler 184). They became accustomed to living within a social world where the power dynamics could be hurtful, and accepted it (Adler and Adler, 183). It was very strange to hear Tannins apologize after such a long time. The experience was terribly awkward for me, but I stood there and listened to her tell me how sorry she was. When she was finished, she asked me to say something. All that I could do was look at her and tell her that, in time, I would forgive her. But we would never be good friends again. She was very grateful for my response, asked if she could hug me, and feet.Tannins was no longer friends with the popular after what had happened. She always blamed herself for everything, but even she was a victim in the end. The clique members bullied her from them inside of the group, not Just people outside of the group. I felt bad for the way Tannings new friends treated her. After my seventh grade year was over, my mom was not able to handle all of the chaos I had created around me. She had a baby in the house, and did not want him to be around the new lifestyle I had made for myself. She let me move to my dads in La Grandee, Oregon ND that is one decision I am extremely grateful for.

Drug Testin In The Workplace Essays - Drug Control Law,

Drug Testin In The Workplace Drug testing in the United States began with the explosive use of illegal drugs, in order to curb drug abuse. This began during the Vietnam War with drug use at a climax. In general, Drug testing is a way to detect illegal drug use and deter it, usually by Urinalysis. Drug testing in the United States violates a citizen's right to unreasonable search and seizure's along with jeopardizing one's freedom. Drug testing is not only an unreliable invasion of a person's privacy but it assumes that one is guilty before submitting to the test. Drug testing began to take place in the mid 1960's when drugs like Marijuana, hallucinogens and other drugs were becoming widespread (Stencel, pp.201). The military implemented mandatory drug testing because of the widespread use and the number of Vets that were returning home because of addiction. Ronald Reagan pushed for employers to implement drug testing and even had himself screened for illegal drugs to encourage employers and to reduce opposition to testing (Stencel, pp. 200). ?The increased concern about drug abuse has, in part, ben the result of the early 1986 appearance on the streets of crack-a new, powerfully addictive form of cocaine-and the growth of cocaine addiction? (Berger, 12). President Reagan later called for a second ?war on drugs? campaign. In October of 1986, President Reagan signed into law a 1.7 billion dollar antidrug bill, called the ?Drug-Free Workplace Order?. In addition to the bill, Reagan instructed his cabinet officers to create a plan to begin drug testing for federal civil employees (Berger, 14). Drug testing thus begun a sharp climb into the area of private employers. In November of 1988 Congress passed an Act requiring grant recipients or federal contractors to maintain drug-free workplaces. Most of the employers set up voluntary testing programs and many employees began to sue, claiming that individual testing is a violation of privacy rights. The argument is that the employees are being deprived of their Fourth Amendment protection. Many believe that government testing programs should be unconstitutional unless the authorities have either reasonable suspicion or probable cause that the individuals being tested are on drugs. To justify the use of private employer testing, President Bush said in 1989 that ?Drug abuse among American workers costs businesses anywhere from $60 billion to $100 billion dollars a year in lost productivity, absenteeism, drug-related accidents, medical claims, and theft? (Horgan, 19). This claim was derived from a source that interviewed families that were 28% lower in overall income than the average household. This was used in an effort to promote Bush's ?war on drugs? forum into the private sector (Horgan, 21). Many behavior's of lower income people often differ statistically from upper-income people, therefore the statement of Bush never establishes a clear or accurate statistic. ?In 1989 President George Bush unveiled his National Drug Control Strategy, encouraging comprehensive drug-free workplace policies in the private sector and in state and local government? (Stencel, 201). This created many controversies within the American workplace and in National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab decision, the Supreme Court upheld that drug testing was legal as long as it outweighs privacy rights (James). Then, in 1991 Congress passed the Omnibus Transportation and Employment Testing Act, which would extend drug testing in the United States. Throughout the rest of the 90's drug tests were extended to the outermost sectors of society causing drugs to become a significant issue during election times, although politicians are never tested themselves. The Fourth Amendment of the Constitution was created because of the rough treatment of colonists by the British. The British restricted trade and travel and this gave way to smuggling. ?British soldiers frequently conducted unrestricted house-to-house searches. People were forced to keep their private records and other personal information on their person or hidden in their home or business to avoid exposure and possible arrest? (Berger, 102). The Fourth Amendment was part of the Constitution's Bill of Rights to protect one's privacy and maintain search and seizure guarantees. The right to privacy was described by Supreme Court Justice Louis D. Brandeis as ?the right to be let alone-the most comprehensive of rights and the right most valued by civilized men.? The Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees the ?right of the people to be secure in their person, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable search and seizure? except upon probable cause. Random drug testing threatens the Fourth Amendment and has been called suspicion by association. This is to say that it is

Battle of Yorktown in the American Revolution

Battle of Yorktown in the American Revolution The Battle of Yorktown was the last major engagement of the American Revolution (1775-1783) and was fought September 28 to October 19, 1781.  Moving south from New York, a combined Franco-American army trapped Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis army against the York River in southern Virginia. After a brief siege, the British were compelled to surrender. The battle effectively ended large-scale fighting in North America and ultimately the Treaty of Paris which ended the conflict.   Armies Commanders American French General George WashingtonLieutenant General Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau8,800 Americans, 7,800 French British Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis7,500 men Allies Unite During the summer of 1781, General George Washingtons army was encamped in the Hudson Highlands where it could monitor the activities of  Lieutenant General Henry Clintons British army in New York City. On July 6, Washingtons men were joined by French troops led by Lieutenant General Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau.  These men had landed at Newport, RI before proceeding overland to New York. Washington initially intended to utilize the French forces in an attempt to liberate New York City, but met resistance from both his officers and Rochambeau. Instead, the French commander began to advocate for a strike against exposed British forces to the south. He supported this argument by stating that  Rear Admiral Comte de Grasse intended to bring his fleet north from the Caribbean and that there were easier targets along the coast. Fighting in Virginia During the first half of 1781, the British expanded their  operations in Virginia. This began with the arrival of a small force under Brigadier General Benedict Arnold  which landed at Portsmouth and later raided Richmond. In March, Arnolds command became part of a larger force overseen by Major General William Phillips. Moving inland, Phillips defeated a militia force at Blandford before burning warehouses in Petersburg.  To curb these activities, Washington dispatched the  Marquis de Lafayette  south to oversee resistance to the British. On May 20, the army of Lieutenant General  Lord Charles Cornwallis arrived in Petersburg. Having won a bloody victory at Guilford Court House, NC that spring, he had moved north into Virginia believing that the region would be easy to capture and receptive to British rule. After uniting with Phillips men and receiving reinforcements from New York, Cornwallis commenced raiding into the interior.   As the summer progressed Clinton ordered Cornwallis to move towards the coast and fortify a deep water port. Marching to Yorktown, Cornwallis men commenced building defenses while Lafayettes command observed from a safe distance.   Marching South In August, word arrived from Virginia that Cornwallis  army was encamped near Yorktown, VA. Recognizing that Cornwallis army was isolated, Washington and Rochambeau began discussing options for moving south. The decision to attempt a strike against Yorktown was made possible by the fact that de Grasse  would bring his French fleet north to support the operation and prevent Cornwallis from escaping by sea. Leaving a force to contain Clinton in New York City, Washington and Rochambeau began moving 4,000 French and 3,000 American troops south on August 19 (Map). Eager to maintain secrecy, Washington ordered a series of feints and sent false dispatches suggesting that an attack against New York City was imminent. Reaching Philadelphia in early September, Washington endured a brief crisis when some of his men refused to continue the march unless they were paid one months back wages in coin. This situation was remedied when Rochambeau loaned the American commander the needed gold coins. Pressing south, Washington and Rochambeau learned that de Grasse had arrived in the Chesapeake and landed troops to reinforce Lafayette. This done, French transports were sent north to ferry the combined Franco-American army down the bay.   Battle of the Chesapeake Having arrived in the Chesapeake, de Grasses ships assumed a blockading position. On September 5, a British fleet led by Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Graves arrived and engaged the French. In the resulting Battle of the Chesapeake, de Grasse succeeded leading the British away from the mouth of the bay. While the running battle that ensued was tactically inconclusive, de Grasse continued to draw the enemy away from Yorktown.   Disengaging on September 13, the French returned to the Chesapeake and resumed blockading Cornwallis army. Graves took his fleet back to New York to refit and prepare a larger relief expedition. Arriving at Williamsburg, Washington met with de Grasse aboard his flagship Ville de Paris on September 17. After securing the admirals promise to remain in the bay, Washington focused on concentrating his forces. Joining Forces With the Lafayette As troops from New York reached Williamsburg, VA, they joined with the forces of the Lafayette who had continued to shadow Cornwallis movements. With the army assembled, Washington and Rochambeau began the march to Yorktown on September 28. Arriving outside the town later that day, the two commanders deployed their forces with the Americans on the right and the French on the left. A mixed Franco-American force, led by the Comte de Choissey, was dispatched across the York River to oppose the British position on Gloucester Point. Working Towards Victory In Yorktown, Cornwallis held out hope that a promised relief force of 5,000 men would arrive from New York. Outnumbered more than 2-to-1, he ordered his men to abandon the outer works around the town and fall back to the main line of fortifications. This was later criticized as it would have taken the allies several weeks to reduce these positions by regular siege methods. On the night of October 5/6, the French and Americans began construction of the first siege line. By dawn, a 2,000-yard long trench opposed the southeast side of the British works. Two days later, Washington personally fired the first gun. For the next three days, French and American guns pounded the British lines around the clock. Feeling his position collapsing, Cornwallis wrote to Clinton on October 10 calling for aid. The British situation was made worse by a smallpox outbreak within the town. On the night of October 11, Washingtons men began work on a second parallel, just 250 yards from the British lines. Progress on this work was impeded by two British fortifications, Redoubts #9 and #10, which prevented the line from reaching the river. Attack in the Night The capture of these positions was assigned to General Count William Deux-Ponts and Lafayette. Extensively planning the operation, Washington directed the French to mount a diversionary strike against the Fusiliers Redoubt at the opposite end of the British works.   This would be followed by Deux-Ponts and Lafayettes assaults thirty minutes later.  To help increase the odds of success, Washington selected a moonless night and ordered that the effort be made using bayonets only.   No soldier was permitted to load their musket until the assaults had began. Tasking 400 French regulars with the mission of taking Redoubt #9, Deux-Ponts gave command of the assault to Lieutenant Colonel Wilhelm von Zweibrà ¼cken.   Lafayette gave leadership of the 400-man force for Redoubt #10 to Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Hamilton. On October 14, Washington directed all of the artillery in the area to concentrate their fire on the two redoubts.  Around 6:30 PM, the French commenced the diversionary effort against the Fusiliers Redoubt.   Moving forward as planned,  Zweibrà ¼ckens men had difficulty clearing the abatis at Redoubt #9. Finally hacking through it, they reached the parapet and pushed back the Hessian defenders with a volley of musket fire. As the French surged into the redoubt, the defenders surrendered after a brief fight.   Approaching Redoubt #10, Hamilton directed a force under Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens to circle to the rear of the enemy to cut off the line of retreat to Yorktown. Cutting through the abatis, Hamiltons men climbed through a ditch in front of the redoubt and forced their way over the wall.   Encountering heavy resistance, they ultimately overwhelmed and captured the garrison. Immediately after the redoubts were captured, American sappers began extending the siege lines. The Noose Tightens: With the enemy growing nearer, Cornwallis again wrote to Clinton for help and described his situation as very critical. As the bombardment continued, now from three sides, Cornwallis was pressured into launching an attack against the allied lines on October 15. Led by Lieutenant Colonel Robert Abercrombie, the attack succeeded in taking some prisoners and spiking six guns, but was unable to breakthrough. Forced back by French troops, the British withdrew. Though the raid had been moderately successful, the damage inflicted was quickly repaired and the bombardment of Yorktown continued. On October 16, Cornwallis shifted 1,000 men and his wounded to Gloucester Point with the goal of transferring his army across the river and breaking out to the north. As the boats returned to Yorktown, they were scattered by a storm. Out of ammunition for his guns and unable to shift his army, Cornwallis decided to open negotiations with Washington. At 9:00 AM on October 17, a single drummer mounted the British works as a lieutenant waved a white flag. At this signal, the French and American guns halted the bombardment and the British officer was blindfolded and taken into the allied lines to commence surrender negotiations. Aftermath Talks commenced at the nearby Moore House, with Laurens representing the Americans, the Marquis de Noailles the French, and Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Dundas and Major Alexander Ross representing Cornwallis. Through the course of the negotiations, Cornwallis attempted to obtain the same favorable terms of surrender that Major General John Burgoyne had received at Saratoga. This was refused by Washington who imposed the same harsh conditions that the British had demanded of Major General Benjamin Lincoln the year before at Charleston. With no other choice, Cornwallis complied and the final surrender documents were signed on October 19. At noon the French and American armies lined up to await the British surrender. Two hours later the British marched out with flags furled and their bands playing The World Turned Upside Down. Claiming he was ill, Cornwallis sent Brigadier General Charles OHara in his stead. Nearing the allied leadership, OHara attempted to surrender to Rochambeau but was instructed by the Frenchman to approach the Americans. As Cornwallis was not present, Washington directed OHara to surrender to Lincoln, who was now serving as his second-in-command. With the surrender complete, Cornwallis army was taken into custody rather than paroled. Shortly thereafter, Cornwallis was exchanged for Henry Laurens, the former President of the Continental Congress. The fighting at Yorktown cost the allies 88 killed and 301 wounded. British losses were higher and included 156 killed, 326 wounded. In addition, Cornwallis remaining 7,018 men were taken prisoner. The victory at Yorktown was the last major engagement of the American Revolution and effectively ended the conflict in the Americans favor.

Performance Management and Job Evaluation Essay

Performance Management and Job Evaluation - Essay Example (Ivancevich, 2006) There are a number of methods of job evaluation; such as Job Ranking, Job Classification, Point Method and Factor Comparison method. In this paper, the point method would be employed for the comparison of the given jobs. The said method is chosen because, this is a quantitative measure, and thus the elements of subjectivity are removed. This can be applied to a wide range of jobs. Moreover, this can be applied for the newly created jobs equally well. However, there are certain limitations in this method too, thus it is assumed that the pays are accurately assigned for each job and there were no biases while assigning the pay for each factor. (Armstrong and Barron, 2004) Following are the steps followed to determine the relative worth of the product, followed by respective rationales. In this method, a set of the factor are identified that should be compensated. These factors are broadly classified into following categories. There are some jobs where the experience is essential, such as those involving some unstructured or semi structured decision making. Higher the requirement of asset, high the productivity and thus there should be higher compensation for it. If the mental effort is required, it should be paid higher than the requirement f physical effort. ... The more non-routine abilities required, the grater should be the compensation. Responsibilities If the responsibilities are broader, such as the responsibility to supervise as well, it should be paid higher. Dominant Effort If the mental effort is required, it should be paid higher than the requirement f physical effort. It is so because; the mental effort requires more education and experience so as to be able to take semi-structured and unstructured decisions. Working Conditions If the working conditions are not conducive, the employee should be paid higher. The next step is to determine the various levels for each of the factors determined previously. The levels identified were A. Experience 1. no experience 2. less than 1 year 3. 1-2 years 4. more than 2 years B. Education 1. Graduate 2. Undergraduate 3. High School Pass 4. No education C. Ability required 1. expert 2. average 3. routine work D. Responsibilities 1. Individual 2. Supervisory E. Dominant Effort 1. Mental 2. Physical F. Working Conditions 1. Extreme 2. Mild 3. Conducive After this, the next step is to assign the rating to each factor on the basis of its worth, the rate assigned are as follows Factor Name Level: 1 2 3 4 Maximum Experience 1.2 2.5 3.8 5.0 5 Education 1.8 3.5 5.2 7.0 7 Ability Required 2.7 5.3 8.0 8 Responsibility 5.0 10.0 10 Efforts 3.5 7.0 7 Working Conditions 2.7 5.3 8.0 8 The above mentioned maximum rating to each factor is based on its perceived worth on the scale of 1 to 10. This may however be subjective, but that subjectivity would be effective on all jobs to be evaluated, rather than being biased to only one. The rating to all levels of a factor is determined by equally dividing the maximum rate for the factor among all the

PILOT STUDY PROTOCOL ON POLICY THAT PROMOTE OR FACILITATE OBESITY AND Coursework

PILOT STUDY PROTOCOL ON POLICY THAT PROMOTE OR FACILITATE OBESITY AND POVERTY WITH IT'S ASSOCIATED DISEASE DIABETES 2 - Coursework Example en poverty, obesity and diabetes 2; many of the people diagnosed with obesity and diabetes 2 are Native Americans, blacks and Hispanics, where rate of obesity reaches upto 70%, and this has been accredited to their deprived economic conditions. Obesity and diabetes are among the vigorously growing health problems faced by Americans. The prevalence in obesity rates has caused massive cases of diabetes 2 which in turn causes amputations, hypertension and blindness, and also increases chances of developing depression, cancer, heart disease, asthma, immobility and arthritis. Allowing the current rates of poverty and obesity to continue increasing implies that America will be trailing on a perilous track. Moreover, the obesity endemic, if left unimpeded, will contravene the substantial progress made in life expectancy and health in the recent decades (Klein et al., 2004). Certainly, if current and future generations are to live longer, healthy and exciting lives, this cosmic problem must be contained through effective policy formulation and implementation. Obesity costs the nation over $160 billion in direct therapeutic costs every year. Estimates indicate that yearly medical expenditures can be plummeted by between 7-12% if the government succeeds to eradicate obesity and diabetes 2 (Levine, 2011). Additionally, through Medicare and Medicaid, a substantial fraction of this cost is financed by assiduous taxpayers and this affects both federal and state budgets and significantly hinders meaningful economic development. It is too costly to overlook the skyrocketing premature deaths resulting from obesity and obesity-associated chronic diseases. Consequently, this pilot study seeks to explore the state government’s roles in regulating the two lethal epidemics. It will seek to explore whether the policies of developing EMR system that back diabetes prevention, guaranteeing parity of mental and physical health services, promoting active lifestyles, increasing Medicaid

Brief Introduction Of Intercultural Business Communication Commerce Essay

Brief Introduction Of Intercultural Business Communication Commerce Essay At present, the world is illustrated as a place where people belonging to different cultural backgrounds interact with each other to have effective communication do that they can exchange their ideas, thoughts and feelings (Bhardawaj, 2010). The communication between individuals can occur in various areas such as science, education, entertainment, tourism, immigration, mass media and business. In order to have constructive communication, it is mandatory that all forms of misunderstandings and breakdowns are completely removed from the system. It has been stated by Martin and Nakayama (2007) that the latest trend in the business world is of globalisation and many companies are expanding their operations outside their regional boundaries to enhance their presence in different international markets. According to Lewis (2008), the swift increase in the globalisation of businesses has mandated the corporations to develop an understanding about the intercultural business communication methods, techniques and theories so that the organisations can overcome the prospective hurdles in their international businesses. All the experts who are working in the field of multicultural environment require guidance on developing a work environment that is conducive for their entire workforce; the researchers belonging to the fields of cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology and applied linguistics have studied various factors to demonstrate the importance of various cultures knowledge and their implications on conducting effective intercultural business communication (Bowie, 2008; Chaney Martin, 2011; Zang Zhou, 2008). When the businesses have adequate understanding about the cultures and differing aspects of various countries, there is a high probability that there are positive interactions among people and cordial and effective business relationships are developed (Jameson, 2007; Lewis, 2005). The main concern for every organisation operating in international regions is to develop an understanding about the culture, values, norms and attitudes of each area of operation so that there are less chances of the misinterpretation of communication. In order to provide guidance to the organisations that are engaged in the globalisation processes, the researchers have studied the cultural contexts of distinct nations and have provided in-depth insights about the intercultural business communication (Espinar, 2010), working cultures (Forey Lockwood, 2010), work behaviours (Bowey Thill, 2010), work etiquettes (Okoro, 2012), language barriers and subcultures present in the organisation (Zang Zhou, 2008). Intercultural Business Communication in the light of various researches According to Reynolds and Valentine (2011), intercultural communication takes place when people belonging to diverse ethnical backgrounds share and discuss their ideas and tasks in a language that is different from their native language. As the globalisation of businesses has been increasing, the productive intercultural business communication is vital for appropriate performance of the organisation. A successful and effective intercultural communication is one that is simple, frequent and effective along with demonstrating respect to the cultural viewpoints of everyone working within the business premises (Crate Fox, 2008). Since intercultural business communication is an important area of study, many researchers have studied the concept from varying angles have classified them into three main approaches i.e. positivist approach, humanistic approach and systemic approach. The first person who coined the term intercultural business communication was Edward Hall who emphasized the importance of this concept in his work The Silent Language in 1959. Halls high-low context of culture and Hofstedes national culture were the major contributors in the field of intercultural communication. Halls theory (1959) helped many researchers to study context of the culture in determining the contrasting communication patterns among the individuals from low and high context cultures. On the other hand, Hoftstede (1980) limited his studies on the national culture that created difficulty in comparison among various cultural methods and styles of communication. Samovar, Porter and McDaniel (2011) stated that the cultural studies further investigated the communication and cultural systems in distinctive nations, countries and cultures; while, in the negotiation studies, intercultural thinking was incorporated by Ting-Tommey (1988) who stressed the importance of understanding negotiation skills in the international business contexts. In the intercultural business communication, other factors such as non-verbal behaviour, emotional factors and gestures (facial expressions) were added to understand their role in the communication exchange proficiency within the organisation. Some researchers are of the opinion that although Hofstede primarily studied the cultural differences associated with the nationality element but for various practical reasons, culture has strong association with a country of origin and it should be incorporated in understanding the business problems, issues and strategies (Beebe, Beebe Redmond, 2011). According to Asante and Gudykunst (1989), cited by Reynolds and Valentine (2011), the individual variable should not be overlooked because a lot of times people react or communicate in a particular way on the basis of their own perceptions and beliefs which can be totally different from the culture to which a person is related. As the cultures are heterogeneous, other components besides the national factor need to be considered to understand the individuals perception about business communication. Hence, it is vital for the businesses to understand the individual nature of each act of communication to avoid any kind of misinterpretation or confusion that can impact the business operations. Validity and reliability of the article After careful analysis and evaluation of the article, it can be concluded that it has highlighted all important elements that are vital for the development and implementation of an effective intercultural business communication. In order to avoid problems in the communication processes, there is a drastic shift in doing extensive research about the culture and other attributes of each nation to gather sufficient information about that respective country. With an in-depth understanding about the business culture and communication processes along with individual behaviours towards different modes of communication, an organisation can take proactive steps of countering them within its potential international destination. Recently, all the organisations have mandated the need of training their staff to work in the business environment so that they can incorporate the cultural values and intercultural communication process that will help them in achieving their desired targets in the global businesses. It has been rightly stated by the author of the article that both verbal (language) and non-verbal (gestures, facial expressions, acts of socializing) communication are important for understanding the intercultural business communication in an organisation. Hence, globalisation has made it vital for every Multi-national Corporation to modify its operations in international destinations in accordance with the culture and business etiquettes of the respective nation. Task # 2 Business Etiquette and its importance in international business communication International Business Communication and Business Etiquettes In todays world, every organisation is expanding its business operations globally and this expanding scope of the corporations in the current decade is drawing attention of the researchers to study the importance of business etiquettes in international businesses (Bowee Thill, 2010). With the advent of global economy i.e. globalisation, consumers are more aware of the environment, an organisations business operations have to deal with new rules and standards for effective production processes and even expansion in the interdependency of achieving economies of scale on international level (Chaney Martin, 2011). Almost all of the Multi-national corporations are exploiting the opportunities available for them globally and are demonstrating their sensitivity to the cultural differences so that they can successfully prosper as an international enterprise. The studies of some researchers have shown that some organisations have been successful in their international operations (Forey Lockwood, 2010; Okoro, 2012), while, others had to face survival problems either because of cultural imperialism or improper acculturation of their expert managers on the international level. According to Espinar (2010), the success of global business is heavily dependent on their ability of developing adequate understanding about the cross-cultural etiquettes and diversity management among global workforce. On the other hand, Samovar, Porter and McDaniel (2010) emphasized that training is mandatory for the global managers so that they are equipped with the interpersonal communication skills, relationship building skills along with group communication competencies. The managers must have excellent negotiation skills of cross-culture level so that they can maintain their global competitiveness. In order to achieve the business goals successfully in global businesses, the cross-cultural business etiquettes are important for effective international business communication (Hooker, 2008). Implications of Business Etiquettes in International Business Communication In order to manage the global businesses effectively, it has become mandatory for the international corporations to understand the business etiquettes of each nation as there is a huge variation in the working behaviour. The business etiquettes are developed on the basis of culture that is prevalent among the individuals and society as a whole; the researchers are studying culture of other countries to develop an understanding about their role in international business communication. For instance, during a business conversation, in U.S. making an eye contact is considered to be a business etiquette; while, in Japan, eye contact is considered as a misbehaviour (Okoro, 2012). According to Deresky (2010), the managers working in global corporations have to acquire effective skills for strategic negotiations and intercultural exchange so that the targeted goals can be achieved and a positive impression is created on the people. The studies have shown that both decision-making and negotiation processes have to be culture-specific and they should ensure that an extensive detailed analysis of understanding, reciprocity and sensitivity is conducted so that all complications in the business operations are addressed beforehand (Bharadwaj, 2010; Forey Lockwood, 2010; Jameson, 2007). As the workforce in global organisations is diverse, the managers have to learn the complexities that are associated with the cultural values and norms (Lewis, 2008). The researchers of intercultural business communication field have emphasized the importance of understanding the importance of business etiquettes in global workplaces to sustain the competitive edge in the market. It is vital for every organisation to understand that they will have to tolerate some behaviour that is unaccepted by them because these behaviours are an integral part of the business environment of that country. According to Martin and Nakayama (2007), in high-context cultures like Japan meaning is interpreted by way of non-verbal communication such as body language, rephrasing of the words, pauses and meetings; while, in U.S. which is also a high-context culture, meaning is conveyed by means of verbal communication such as spoken words. When mixed messages are communicated to the people, it can create feeling of discomfort and international managers will have to struggle in reconciling the inconsistencies; such situations can be avoided by following the right business etiquettes applicable within that country. For example, in China and some parts of Africa, having a direct eye contact while talking is considered rude and inappropriate; on the other hand, in US, making direct eye contact is mandatory and it is interpreted as demonstration of reliability, honesty and trustworthiness. In India, this act is viewed as disrespect and hostility especially when people communicate with elders (Chaney Martin, 2011). The business etiquette in Great Britain has its basis on the strong sense of nationalism and identity. The businessmen tend to be very detail oriented and have high importance for their traditions and customs; they are reserved and expect everyone to act in this way. However, U.S. businessmen tend to be frank and believe in developing friendly and cordial relations with everyone working in their organisation (Espinar, 2010). For British business people, professionalism and adherence to the ethical code of business practice are important factors of their business etiquettes; while, US business people prefer to have casual relationship within the business premises. The business etiquettes in Germany have their foundation on the formal culture of the country and ensure that the behavioural expectations are provided with great details so that the participants have understanding about the way of doing things. The German businessmen respect hierarchical differences and believe in authoritative style of business; they have high preference for hierarchical organisational structure and want to avoid any kind of uncertainty. The communication within the organisation is formal and increased focus is on achievements on personal level, directness and truth (Okoro, 2012). Conclusion As the business organizations are expanding globally, it has become vital for them to maintain their global competitiveness by managing the differences in the culture, developing effective intercultural business communication mediums and training the managers to equip themselves with cross-cultural decision-making and negotiation skills. The success or failure of an organization in managing such a diverse workforce that has people from various cultural backgrounds is largely depended on the managers ability of communicating effectively with everyone within the organization. Although the international businesses have been growing because of rise in globalization and they are largely driven by the advancements in the field of technology and opportunities in economic interdependencies but the success of these businesses is largely impacted by the intellectual skills of the managers to understand the business etiquettes, values and customs that are required for conducting the business among nations. With good understanding about the cultures and business etiquettes, global companies will be able to implement proper international business communication processes which will help them in sustaining their position in the global market.

Alcohol Abuse Essay -- Diseases, Disorders

Alcohol is the most commonly used drug in the United States. Although the consumption of alcohol by itself is not a social problem, the continuous and excessive use of alcohol can become problematic. There are four symptoms associated with alcohol dependence which are craving, loss of control, physical dependence, and tolerance. 17.6 million People, or one in every 12 adults, suffer from alcohol abuse or dependence along with several million more who engage in risky, binge drinking patterns that could lead to alcohol problems. (National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, n.d.) The United States has banned drugs such as heroin, LSD, and marijuana in the United States because they claim that these drugs dangerous and that these drugs have no medical purpose. Should the United States ban the sale of alcohol? Why would people put something poisonous inside their body that would cause bodily harm? Everyday people do that when they consume alcohol. Alcohol can have long lasting effects that can lead to serious health complications later in life. Studies have shown that long-term alcohol abuse produces serious, harmful effects on a variety of the body's organ systems. Parts of the human body most affected include the liver and the immune, cardiovascular, and skeletal systems. (Alcohol Research & Health Winter 2000) Heavy alcohol use is the leading cause of illness and death from liver disease in the United States. Deaths from chronic liver disease are among 4 times higher among Native Americans and Alaska Natives than among the rest of the U.S. population. Alcoholism is a not a curable disease but it can be treated. There are several different ways to treat Alcoholism. Relapse prevention uses methods for recognizing problem... ...nts. Those suffering from PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) were more likely to be associated with alcohol than those who do not appear to have any symptoms. Works Cited National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence. (n.d.). Learn about alcohol. Retrieved from http://www.ncadd.org/index.php/learn-about-alcohol/faqsfacts "Medical Consequences of Alcohol Abuse." Alcohol Research & Health Winter 2000: 27. Academic OneFile. Web. 31 Mar. 2012. Edward M. Brecher, E. O. C. R. M. (n.d.). Should alcohol be prohibited?. Retrieved from http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/library/studies/cu/cu32.html Dryden-Edwards, R. (n.d.). Alcohol abuse and alcoholism. Retrieved from http://www.medicinenet.com/alcohol_abuse_and_alcoholism/page6.htm National center for ptsd. (2011, December 20). Retrieved from http://www.ptsd.va.gov/public/pages/ptsd-alcohol-use.asp

Discuss the Effect of Islam upon West Africa Essay

Change Over Time Essay Assignment #1The camel, with its ability to travel long distances without water and carry heavy loads, facilitated trans-Saharan communication. During the seventh and eighth centuries CE, Islamic conquerors had added North Africa to the dar al-Islam. By the end of the eighth century CE, Muslim merchants had crossed the Sahara and initiated commercial relations with Sub-Saharan West Africa and by the beginning of the second millennium, Islam had become entrenched in West African life. Islam dramatically changed West Africa culturally, politically, and economically in the time period between 1000 CE and 1750 CE, but many staples of West African society remained the same. Economically, Islam ushered a new era of economic prosperity into West Africa. The adoption of Islam by West African states provided them with common ground upon which states such as Mali greatly expanded their gold trade to encompass Arab and Mediterranean nations. Established Muslim trade routes facilitated the huge increase in the volume of African trade. Commercial cities sprung up across West Africa, with commerce increasing Timbuktu’s population to 100,000. In the twelfth century, Muslim merchants introduced cotton, rice, and citrus fruits to West Africa; by the sixteenth century cotton was the main textile produced in West Africa. European demand for cotton textiles ensured that West Africa would remain economically prosperous. Islamic merchants expanded the African slave trade to a continental level, providing Europeans with a framework upon which to build the catastrophic Atlantic slave trade, replacing small scale tribal slavery with huge state economies built entirely around capturing slaves and selling them to foreign nations. However, despite these huge changes in economic methods and volume, West African states relied heavily upon trade as the principle form of economic support throughout periods of Islamic influence. The increase in trade with Islamic merchants between 1000 and 1750 led to the permeation of Islamic culture among West African peoples. Islamic rulers built large mosques and universities where people could learn about Islam, as well as other areas of knowledge. These universities spread literacy within West African society. Islam was generally tolerant of traditional values, such as polygamy. This allowed it greater popularity than  Christianity, and decreased resistance to conversion. Islam was not forced upon citizens by their kings, but rather was voluntarily encouraged. Despite this, many people adopted Islam, especially those who interacted with Muslim merchants. However, many of those who adopted Islam did not adopt Islam in its original form, but rather combined it with traditional religious beliefs to create a syncretic religion. There was much social turmoil among purists, such as the Fulani, and those who practiced syncretic Islam. Despite the large Islamic influence in the area, many chose not to adopt a syncretic faith and rather kept their traditional beliefs. The integration of Islamic culture into West Africa, as well as the economic prosperity that Islamic trade brought West Africa, led to the creation of large centralized states. As opposed to the small kingdoms, such as the kingdom of Ghana, that the first Islamic merchants encountered in West Africa, by the fifteenth century two large centralized empires had emerged. Islamic influence played a large part in the creation of these large empires. Firstly, the revenue created by integration of West Africa into Islamic trade allowed West African rulers to create and support large standing armies. These armies ensured that these empires could protect their peoples and sources of income, as well as exert their influence. Secondly, Islamic law, known as Shari’a, introduced to West Africa allowed for unified rule. Previously, varying tribal laws had caused disorder and fragmentation, as well as discontent. Islamic law facilitated and demanded the creation of large centralized empires. However, Islam itself did not necessarily become the exclusive religion of these empires; many, indeed most, citizens of these empires clung to and practiced their traditional pagan religious beliefs. Following the collapse of these two empires, West African political structure returned to the small regional kingdoms that had been West African norm before Muslim merchants crossed the Sahara. Overall, the Islam greatly, sometimes even completely, changed cultural, political, and economic environments in West Africa between 1000 CE and 1750 CE. Examples of this change include the introduction of centralized kingdoms, trans-Saharan trade, and Muslim values. Despite this great change, many elements of West African society, such as popular religion, dependence  on trade, and basic values remained the same despite Islamic influence up through 1750 CE. Near the end of that period, Africa began to be colonized by European nations, and fell under European influence.

The Philosophy Of Emile Durkheim And The Roman Catholic...

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